Understanding the 14 Planetary Systems (Bhu-Mandala) in Vedic Cosmology
Explore the mysteries of the 14 planetary systems (Bhu-Mandala) in Vedic cosmology. Understand each loka, their Sanskrit references, and their profound spiritual significance.

Vedic cosmology is not just mythology; it’s a profound science that describes the vast multi-layered structure of the universe. Central to this cosmic view is the concept of the Bhu-Mandala, the grand system of 14 planetary realms, each called a loka. These realms stretch vertically, both above and below our earthly plane, reflecting layers of physical and spiritual realities.
In Sanskrit, it is beautifully stated:
“त्रयोदश लोकाः सप्तोर्ध्वम् सप्त चाधः।”
(Meaning: Thirteen worlds — seven higher and seven lower — exist apart from the earthly plane.)
Let’s journey through each realm, decode their meanings, and understand why knowing about them can be deeply transformative for a seeker of truth.
What is Bhu-Mandala?
Bhu-Mandala is the cosmic plane that represents the universal geography described in ancient Vedic scriptures like the Srimad Bhagavatam and Vishnu Purana. It is composed of concentric islands and oceans, surrounded by the fourteen lokas — seven higher and seven lower worlds — all rotating around Mount Meru, the central axis of creation.
The 14 Planetary Systems Explained
Higher Lokas (Spiritual Realms)
- Satya-loka (Brahma-loka)
The highest realm where Lord Brahma resides. It’s a realm of truth, eternal wisdom, and bliss. Sanskrit reference:“सत्यं ज्ञानमनन्तं ब्रह्म।”
(Eternal truth, knowledge, and infinity — Brahman.) - Tapo-loka
The abode of great sages and ascetics like Sanaka and Sanandana, who perform intense austerities. - Jana-loka
Home to advanced sages who live in deep meditation and cosmic realization. - Mahar-loka
The residence of rishis like Bhrigu and other enlightened beings who perform yagna (sacrifices) for the welfare of the universe. - Svar-loka (Svarga)
Popularly known as Heaven. Indra, the king of Devas, rules here. Pleasures, luxuries, and divine enjoyments are abundant. - Bhuvar-loka
The atmospheric realm — the space between Earth and the Sun. Spirits, semi-divine beings like Siddhas and Gandharvas roam here. - Bhu-loka (Earth)
Our very own realm where the karmic journey unfolds and where the soul gets the rare opportunity for liberation through human birth.
Lower Lokas (Subterranean Worlds)
- Atala
A realm of luxury and illusion ruled by Bala, son of Maya. Temptations dominate here. - Vitala
Known for mysterious sorcery and magic arts. Hara Bhava (a form of Shiva) dwells here with ghostly beings. - Sutala
A richly opulent realm gifted to the demon-king Bali Maharaj by Lord Vishnu. - Talatala
The domain of the sorcerer Maya, an expert in architecture and illusions. - Rasatala
Home to the mighty demons, the Danavas and Daityas, who live in hidden palaces under the ocean beds. - Mahatala
Dominated by multi-hooded serpent beings called Nagas like Vasuki and Ananta. - Patala (Naga-loka)
The lowest and most mysterious realm, filled with jewels, treasures, and wondrous serpentine beings. Despite being “lower,” Patala is described as exceedingly beautiful and luxurious.
Vedic References to the Planetary Systems
Several scriptures highlight the details of these realms:
- Srimad Bhagavatam (Canto 5) provides an intricate description of Bhu-Mandala’s layers.
- Vishnu Purana and Mahabharata (Shanti Parva) also elaborate on the structure and purpose of each loka.
Example from Srimad Bhagavatam 5.23.4:
“एवं सप्तभिर्लोकैः सप्तभिरुर्ध्वलोकैः सप्तभिरधोलोकैः परिवृतो महान् भुवः।”
(Thus the great sphere of the Earth is surrounded by seven higher and seven lower planetary systems.)
Why Understanding the 14 Lokas Matters
Grasping the concept of the 14 planetary systems isn’t just about curiosity — it’s about expanding our perception beyond the limited, material vision. It teaches:
- Karmic Influence: Our actions can lead us to rebirth in any of these realms based on our accumulated karma.
- Spiritual Urgency: Knowing the fleeting nature of even the highest realms inspires us to seek moksha (liberation) beyond these worlds.
- Universal Connection: It reminds us that creation is vast and interconnected, much bigger than the Earth-centric view modern science offers.
The Cosmic Roadmap to Higher Awareness
The 14 planetary systems of Bhu-Mandala serve as a cosmic roadmap laid out by the Vedic sages, guiding human beings towards self-realization. Each loka represents different spiritual and material states of consciousness. Ultimately, the wisdom of Bhu-Mandala encourages us to go beyond pleasures and fears, aiming instead for eternal liberation in the spiritual abode — beyond all lokas, into the Supreme Divine.
May this knowledge inspire deeper introspection and the pursuit of the highest truth!